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IELTS BNC: 232 COCA: 231

national

Word family 
Related topics: Government
na·tion·al1 /ˈnæʃənəl/ ●●● S1 W1 adjectiveadj
1  PGCOUNTRY/NATIONrelated to a whole nation as opposed to any of its parts 國家的，全國性的 → local
Religion matters very much at a national level.
宗教事務在全國都非常重要。
Between 1929 and 1933 America’s national income fell by more than half.
1929至1933年間，美國的國民收入下降過半。
There are strong indications that the prime minister will call national elections in May.
有明顯迹象預示首相將於5月召集全國大選。
2  PGCOUNTRY/NATIONrelating to one particular nation as opposed to other nations 國内的，本國的 → international
We refuse to sign any treaty that is against our national interests.
我們拒絕簽署任何違反本國利益的條約。
3  [only before noun]PG owned or controlled by the central government of a country 國有的；國立的
the National Institute for Space Research
國家空間技術研究院
the national airline
國營航空公司
→ nationally
Examples from the Corpus
national• The use of a national access network to deliver materials and services to classroom teachers and library media specialists. 2.• Alitalia is the national airline of Italy.• Sabena, Belgium's national airline• The prison system is big business which is becoming integrated into the national and local economies.• The unemployment rate here is much higher than the national average.• Clinton has called for a national conversation on race.• our national defense• Winners of the regional competitions compete in the national finals.• national forests• Poles embrace Chopin as a national hero.• Already, they have contributed to great national mood swings.• the National Museum of Film and Photography in Bradford• The national news comes on at 18:30.• Yosemite National Park• a national policy for energy• In several countries, technical assistance salaries now exceed national public service pay-rolls.• There will, for the first time, be a national standard against which a pupil's performance may be measured.• Even if most figures for waste are not overestimates, national statistics tell a less-than-apocalyptic tale.• Woodson appeared on national television.• The increase in male cancer rates in South-West Cumbria are in line with the national trends over the same period. 4.
Related topics: Citizenship
national2 noun [countableC]
PGCsomeone who is a citizen of a particular country but is living in another country 〔僑居國外的〕(某國)國民，僑民 → alien, citizen, subject
Foreign nationals were advised to leave the country.
外國僑民被勸離開該國。
French/EU/Japanese etc national
Turkish nationals who are living in the UK
住在英國的土耳其僑民
Examples from the Corpus
national• During the war, foreign nationals were forced to leave the country.• About 4000 French nationals live in Zaire.• There are many Russian nationals living in Frankfurt.• But the nationals quickly expanded: they overtook the provincials in 1923 and by 1945 sold almost twice as many copies.• But they can still be loan-tied, which means the nationals will still effectively control these outlets.• There should be pre-qualifying tournaments around the country before they come to the nationals.• The nationals control the bulk of production.• A residence requirement applying without discrimination to nationals and nationals of other member states was held in Robert Fearon & Co.
the NationalNational, then
n1. the grand national
n2. the national theatre
IELTS BNC: 232 COCA: 231
IELTS BNC: 232 COCA: 231
national adj.
⇨ national (national radio) ⇨ cultural (national heritage) ⇨ public (a national museum)national noun
⇨ citizen national

adjective

national ♦︎ domestic ♦︎ civil ♦︎ nationwide ♦︎ internal ♦︎ homeThese all describe things connected with a particular country rather than foreign countries. 這些詞均表示國家的、本國的、國内的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆national / domestic / home news◆domestic / internal / home affairs◆national / domestic politics / law◆the national / domestic / internal / home market ◆national / domestic / internal security◆domestic / civil / internal unrest / conflict◆a domestic / an internal flight / crisis◆domestic / internal trade◆a national / civil emergency◆national / civil defence◆a national / nationwide campaign / survey / strike◆on the domestic / home front■ national [usually before noun] connected with a particular country, rather than involving other countries; happening in or involving all parts of a particular country 國家的；全國的；民族的◆He has won medals in both national and international competitions.他在國内和國際比賽中都獲得了獎牌。◆The country has a national debt of 80% of GNP.該國的國債佔國民生産總值的80%。◆The state of our hospitals is a national disgrace.我們的醫院狀況是國家的恥辱。◆Decide whether it would be better to advertise in a national or a local newspaper.要確定一下是在全國性還是地方性報紙上做廣告更好。 OPP international ⇨ international , local ⓘ Local describes things that belong to or are connected with the particular place or area that you are talking about or with the place where you live, not the whole country. * local指地方的、當地的、本地的◆A local man was accused of the murder.一個本地人被指控爲這起謀殺案的兇手。◆decisions made at a local rather than national level地方性而非全國性的決策   see also nation ⇨ country 1 ▸ nationally

adverb

◆He's a talented athlete who competes nationally and internationally.他是一名有才華的運動員，既參加國内比賽，也參加國際比賽。◆The programme was broadcast nationally.這個節目當時是在全國播放。■ domestic [usually before noun] connected with or inside a particular country, rather than involving other countries 本國的；國内的◆The company has made losses in both its domestic and international operations.該公司的國内和國際業務都出現了虧損。◆He was a chief White House adviser on domestic policy.他是白宮國内政策首席顧問。OPP foreign , overseas ⇨ foreign ▸ domestically

adverb

◆domestically produced goods本國産品NOTE 辨析 National or domestic? National contrasts both with international and local; domestic contrasts with international (or foreign) but not local. Domestic is mostly used in the contexts of business and politics; national has a wider range. * national與international和local都形成對比；domestic與international（或foreign）形成對比，但不與local形成對比。domestic主要用於商務和政治語境，national應用範圍更廣。■ civil ˈsɪvl [only before noun] connected with the people who live in a particular country 國民的；平民的◆Both are veterans of the country's long civil war (= between groups of people in the same country).兩人均爲參加過這國家長期内戰的老兵。◆Some groups have been calling for a non-violent civil disobedience campaign.一些團體一直在呼籲進行非暴力公民抵抗運動。ⓘ Civil is used especially to describe problems or violence involving the ordinary people within a country; collocates include war, unrest, conflict, disorder, disturbance and disobedience. * civil尤用以描述涉及國内普通民衆的問題或暴力事件，搭配詞有war、unrest、conflict、disorder、disturbance和disobedience。■ nationwide ˌneɪʃnˈwaɪd [usually before noun] happening or existing in all parts of a particular country 全國性的；遍及全國的；全國範圍的◆The study uses data from a nationwide survey of 5 000 people.這一研究所使用的數據來自一項有5 000人受訪的全國性民意調查。◆The police conducted a nationwide hunt for the missing girl.警方對那名失蹤的女孩展開了全國範圍的搜尋。▸ nationwide

adverb

◆The company has over 500 stores nationwide.這家公司在全國各地有500多家商店。NOTE 辨析 National or nationwide? Nationwide is used especially about activities or events in which people all over the country take part, or in which people travel all over the country; collocates include campaign, drive, strike, survey, tour, hunt and search. National is often used about organizations or institutions which serve the whole country, but nationwide is not used in this way. * nationwide尤用以描述全國民衆參與或需要民衆走遍全國的活動或事件，搭配詞有campaign、drive、strike、survey、tour、hunt和search。national常用以描述爲全國提供服務的組織或機構，但nationwide無此用法◆a nationwide health service ◆nationwide radio ■ internal ɪnˈtɜːnl; NAmE ɪnˈtɜːrnl [only before noun] connected with or inside a particular country, rather than involving other countries 國内的◆Nations should be left to resolve their own internal difficulties.本國問題應由本國解決。◆The civil war led to considerable internal migration (= people moving to different areas within a country).内戰導致了國内大量居民的遷移。OPP external ⇨ foreign NOTE 辨析 Domestic or internal?There is very little difference in meaning or use between these words. Domestic is more frequent and is used especially in more ordinary situations in business and politics; collocates include currency, demand, service, economy, policy, issue and law. Internal is used slightly more in discussions of conflict situations; collocates include conflict, strife, division, self-government and security. 這兩個詞在含義和用法上差别很小。domestic更常用，尤用於較爲普通的商務和政治場合，搭配詞有currency、demand、service、economy、policy、issue和law。internal稍多用於討論沖突的場合，搭配詞有conflict、strife、division、self-government和security。■ home [only before noun] (especially BrE) connected with your own country rather than involving other countries 本國的；國内的◆The newspaper has different sections for home news, international and foreign news.這份報紙分别有國内、國際和外國新聞版。◆ (BrE) The Home Secretary has drawn up national guidelines.内政大臣拟訂了國家綱領。ⓘ In Britain, home is used in the title of government departments and ministers who deal with issues inside the country, such as the Home Office and the Home Secretary. 在英國，home用於處理國内問題的政府部門和大臣的稱謂中，如the Home Office（内政部）和the Home Secretary（内政大臣）。 OPP foreign , overseas ⇨ foreign
IELTS BNC: 232 COCA: 231

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